Readings on Transnational African American History

African American History has always transcended borders of many kinds, yet historians have not always recognized the transnational and global dimensions of this history. In the last few decades, the field of transnational African American History has rapidly expanded. We hope this list of key works will be useful to students and scholars. This list is not meant to be comprehensive. Indeed, there are many important works we were not able to include here. Rather, we hope this list can be a useful starting point for anyone interested in transnational African American History.

Historiography, Methods & Narratives

• Gaines, Kevin. “Locating the Transnational in Postwar African American History.” Small Axe, 28, no. 28 (March, 2009): 193-202.
• Green, Charles. Globalization and Survival in the Black Diaspora: The New Urban Challenge. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
• Horne, Gerald. “Toward a Transnational Agenda for African American History in the 21^st Century.” Journal of African American History, 91, no. 3 (Summer, 2006): 288-303.
• Kelley, Robin D.G. “‘But a Local phase of a World Problem’: Black History’s Global Vision, 1883-1950.” Journal of American History, 86, no. 3. (Dec., 1999): 1045-1077.
• Johnson, Sterling. Black Globalism: The International Politics of a Non-State Nation. Hanover: Dartmouth Publishing Co., 1998.
• Lemelle, Sidney and Robin D.G. Kelley, eds. Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora. New York: Verso, 1994.
• Levitt, Peggy and B. Nadya Jaworsky. “Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends.” Annual Review of Sociology, 33 (2007): 129-156.
• Singh, Nikhil. Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
• West, Michael O., William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, eds. From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Early Black Atlantic

• Barry, Boubacar. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Vintage, 2015.
• Bush, Barbara. Slave Women in Caribbean Society, 1650-1838. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.
• Coughtry, Jay. The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981.
• Curtin, Philip. The Atlantic Slave Trade, A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
• Davidson, Basil. The African Slave Trade. Boston: Back Bay Press, 1961.
• Diouf, Sylvaine A. Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
• Drake, St. Clair. “The Black Diaspora in Pan-African Perspective.”  Black Diaspora, 7, no. 1, (Sept., 1975): 2-13.
• Dresser, Madge. Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.
• Edwards, Paul ed. Equiano’s Travels. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.
• Eltis, David. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
• Heywood, Linda M., ed. Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Inikori, Joseph E. and Stanley L. Engerman, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992.
• James, C.L.R. A History of Pan-African Revolt. Washington, D.C.: Drum and Spear Press, 1969.
• Johnson, Walter. River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017.
• Klein, Herbert S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
• Landers, Jane. Black Society in Spanish Florida. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
• Littlefield, Daniel C. ed. Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in South Carolina. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
• Lovejoy, Paul E. Africans in Bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.
• Miers, Suzanne and Igor Kopytoff, eds. Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
• Miers, Suzanne and Richard Roberts, eds. The End of Slavery in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.
• Morgan, Jennifer L. Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery. Philidalphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
• Rawley, James A. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
• Reynolds, Edward. Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Inc., 1993.
• Robotham, Rosemarie and Madeline Burnside, eds. Spirits of the Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Seventeenth Century. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997.
• Sensbach, John F. Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
• Shepherd, Verene and Hilary Beckles, eds. Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 2000.
• Smallwood, Stephanie. Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to the American Diaspora. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007.
• Sparks, Randy. Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth Century Atlantic Odyssey. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
• Sweet, James H. Domingos Alvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
• ___________. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441-1770. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press, 2003.
• Thompson, Vincent Bakpetu. The Making of the African Diaspora in the Americas, 1441-1900. Harlow: Longman Pub Group, 1987.
• Thornton, John K. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1994.

Colonial and Early America

• Bittle, William E. and Gilbert L. Geis. The Longest Way Home: Chief Alfred Charles Sam’s Back to Africa Movement. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964.
• Blackett, R.J.M. Building an Anti-Slavery Wall: Black Americans and the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002.
• Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. New York: Verso, 1997.
• Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
• Carlisle, Rodney. The Roots of Black Nationalism. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1975.
• Clegg, Claude A. III. The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
• Frey, Sylvia. “The American Revolution and the Creation of a Global African World.” In From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin and Fanon Che Wilkins, 47-72. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
• Delany, Martin R. The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States and Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party. Amherst: Humanity Books, 2004.
• Du Bois, W.E.B. The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1896.
• Eltis, David. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Fick, Carolyn E. The Making of Haiti: Saint Domingue Revolution From Below. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990.
• Floyd, Samuel A. The Power of Black Music: Interpreting its History from Africa to the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Forbes, Jack D. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
• Galenson, David W. Traders, Planters, and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
• Geggus, David, ed. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. 2001.
• Gomez, Michael. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
• Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
• Holloway, Joseph, E., ed. Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
• Horne, Gerald. Confronting Black Jacobins: The U.S., the Haitian Revolution, and the Origin of the Dominican Republican. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2015.
• __________. Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
• __________. The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in 17^th Century North American and the Caribbean. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2018.
• __________. The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America. New York: New York University Press, 2016.
• __________. The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
• __________. The White Pacific: U.S. Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas after the Civil War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
• Howard, Rosalyn. Black Seminoles in the Bahamas. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
• Jacobs, Sylvia. Black Americans and the Missionary Movement in Africa. New York: Praeger, 1982.
• James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. New York: Vintage, 1989.
• Jones, Howard. Mutiny on the Amistad: The Saga of a Slave Revolt and its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Leckie, William H. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.
• Lindsay, Lisa A. Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
• Littlefield, Daniel F. Africans and Creeks: From Colonial Period to the Civil War. Westport: Praeger, 1979.
• Miller, Floyd John. The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787-1863. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1975.
• Missall, John and Mary Lou Missall. The Seminole Wars: America’s Longest Indian Conflict. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
• Mullin, Michael. Africa in America: Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736-1831. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
• Okihiro, Gary, ed. In Resistance: Studies in African, Afro-Caribbean and Afro-American History. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986.
• Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
• Piersen, William D. Black Legacy: America’s Hidden Heritage. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.
• Pitts, Walter F. Old Ship of Zion: The Afro-Baptist Ritual in the African Diaspora. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Rawley, James A. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
• Reiss, Oscar. Blacks in Colonial America. Jefferson: McFarland Publishing, 1997.
• Stuckey, Sterling. The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.
• Taylor, Quintard. In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
• Toll, William. The Resurgence of Race: Black Social Theory from Reconstruction to the Pan-African Conferences. Philadelpia: Temple University Press, 1979.
• Twynman, Bruce Edward. The Black Seminole Legacy and North American Politics, 1693-1845. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1999.
• Ullman, Victor. Martin R. Delany: The Beginnings of Black Nationalism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.
• Zimmerman, Andrew. Alabama in Africa: Booker T. Washington, the Germany Empire, and the Globalization of the New South. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
• Wiley, Bell Irvin. Slaves No More: Letters from Liberia, 1833-1869. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1980.

Early Twentieth Century

• Andrews, Gregg. Thyra J. Edwards: Black Activist in the Global Freedom Struggle. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011.
• Barbeau, Arthur E. and Florette Henri. Black American Troops in World War I. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.
• Blain, Keisha N. Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
• Corbould, Clare. Becoming African Americans: Black Public Life in Harlem, 1919-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
• Dossett, Kate. Bridging Race Divides: Black Nationalism, Feminism, and Integration in the United States, 1896-1935. University Press of Florida, 2009.
• Ewing, Adam. The Age of Garvey: How a Jamaican Activist Created a Mass Movement and Changed Global Black Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
• Fredrickson, George M. Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Guridy, Frank Andre. Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: North Carolina Press, 2010.
• Harris, Joseph. African American Reactions to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994.
• Hamilton, Kenneth M. Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans-Appalachian West, 1877-1915. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
• Horne, Gerald. Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
• __________. The End of Empires: African Americans and India. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.
• __________. Race to Revolution: The U.S. and Cuba during Slavery and Jim Crow. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
• Jacobs, Sylvia M. The African Nexus: Black American Perspective on the European Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981.
• James, Winston. Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in the Early Twentieth Century America. London: Verso, 1999.
• Johnson, Karen A. “Undaunted Courage and Faith: The Lives of Three Black Women in the West and Hawaii in the Early 19^th Century.” Journal of African American History 91 (Winter 2006): 4-22.
• Levine, Robert S. Race, Transnationalism, and Nineteenth-Century American Literary Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
• Little, Arthur West. From Harlem to the Rhine: The Story of New York’s Colored Volunteers. New York: Covici, Friede, 1936.
• Littlefield, Daniel F. Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001.
• Makalani, Minkah. In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917-1939. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
• Martin, Sandy D. Black Baptists and African Missions: The Origins of a Movement, 1880-1915. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1998.
• Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
• Newman, Louise M. “Women’s Rights, Race, and Imperialism in U.S. History, 1870-1920.” In Race, Nation, and Empire in American History, eds. James T. Campbell, Matthew Pratt Guterl, and Robert G. Lee, 157-179. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
• Putnam, Lara. “Transnational Circuits, the Interwar Caribbean, and the Black International.” In From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, 107-129. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
• Redkey, Edwin S. Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back-to-Africa Movements, 1890-1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969.
• Renda, Mary A. Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
• Rosenberg, Jonathan. How Far the Promised Land?: World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
• Scott, William R. The Sons of Sheba’s Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941. Los Angeles: Tsehai, 2006.
• Stein, Judith. The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society. Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
• Stephens, Michelle. Black Empire: The Masculine Global Imaginary of Caribbean Intellectual in the United States, 1914-1962. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.
• Stevens, Margaret. Red International and Black Caribbean: Communists in New York City, Mexico and the West Indies, 1919-1939. London: Pluto Press, 2017.
• Takara, Kathryn Waddell, “The African Diaspora in Nineteenth Century Hawaii.” In They Followed the Trade Winds: African American in Hawaii, Edited by Miles Jackson. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 2004.
• Vinson, Robert Trent. The Americans Are Coming!: Dreams of African American Liberation in Segregationist South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.
• Weiss, Holger. Framing a Radical African Atlantic: African American agency, West African intellectuals, and the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2013.

World War II

• Brandt, Nat. Harlem at War: The Black Experience in World War II. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996.
• Buchanon, A. Russell. Black Americans in World War II. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Ltd., 1977.
• Dalfiume, Richard. Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969.
• Edgcomb, Gabrielle Simon. From Swastika to Jim Crow: Refugee Scholars at Black Colleges. Malabar: Krieger Publishing, 1993.
• Horne, Gerald. Facing the Rising Sun: African Americans, Japan, and the Rise of Afro-Asian Solidarity. New York: New York University Press, 2018.
• __________. Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
• __________. The Color of Fascism: Lawrence Dennis, Racial Passing, and the Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
• Kryder, Daniel. Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• Lucander, David. Winning the War for Democracy: The March on Washington Movement, 1941-1946. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2014.
• Lusane, Clarence. Hitler’s Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era. Abingdon: Rutledge, 2002.
• Osur, Alan. Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II: The Problem of Race Relations. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
• Sandler, Stanley. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of World War II. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.
• Scott, Lawrence P. and William M. Womack, Sr. Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994.
• Tyson, Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
• Von Eschen, Penny M. Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
• Welky, David. Marching Across the Color Line: A. Philip Randolph and Civil Rights in the World War II Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Cold War

• Anderson, Carol. Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial. Liberation, 1941-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• ___________. Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Borstelmann, Thomas. The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relation s in the Global Arena. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
• Davies, Carole Boyce. “Sisters Outside: Tracing the Caribbean/Black Radical Tradition.” Small Axe: A Journal of Criticism, 28 (March, 2009): 217-228.
• ______________. Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones. Durham, Duke University Press, 2008.
• DeConde, Alexander. Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
• Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
• Gaines, Kevin K. American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
• Gilmore, Glenda. Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919-1950. New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
• Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
• Horne, Gerald. Black and Red: W.E.B. Dubois and the Black American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. New York: State University of New York Press, 1986.
• _________. Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1994.
• _________. Black Revolutionary: William Patterson & the Globalization of the African American Freedom Struggle. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
• _________. Cold War in a Hot Zone: The United States Confronts Labor and Independence Struggles in the British West Indies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.
• _________. Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1945-1956. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.
• _________. From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States in the War against Zimbabwe, 1965-1980. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 2001.
• _________. Mau Mau in Harlem?: The U.S. and the Liberation of Kenya. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
• _________. Red Seas: Ferdinand Smith and Radical Black Sailors in the United States and Jamaica. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
• _________. Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois. New York: New York University Press, 2002.
• Lieberman, Robbie and Clarence, eds. Anticommunism and the African American Freedom Movement: “Another Side of the Story”. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
• McDuffie, Erik S. “A ‘New Freedom Movement of Negro Women’: Sojourning for Truth, Justice, and Human Rights during the Early Cold War.” Radical History Review 101 (Spring 2008): 81-106.
• ___________. Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.
• Muehlenbeck, Philip, ed. Race, Ethnicity, and the Cold War: A Global Perspective. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2012.
• Plummer, Brenda Gayle. Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1996.
• ___________.Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
• Saunders, Patricia J. “Woman Overboard: The Perils of Sailing the Black Atlantic, Deportation with Prejudice.” Small Axe: A Journal of Criticism, 28 (March 2009): 203-217.
• Young, Cynthia. Soul Power: Culture, Radicalism, and the Makin of a U.S. Third World Left. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.

Post-Civil Rights Movement

• Chabot, Sean. Transnational Roots of the Civil Rights Movement: African American Explorations of the Gandhian Repertoire. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2013.
• Dworkin, Ira. Congo Love Song: African American Culture of the Crisis of the Colonial State. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
• Flores, Ruben. Backroads Pragmatists: Mexico’s Melting Pot and Civil Rights in the United States. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
• Gaines, Kevin. “Pauli Murray in Ghana: The Congo Crisis and an African American Woman’s Dilemma.” In Race, Nation, and Empire in American History, eds. James T. Campbell, Matthew Pratt Guterl and Robert G. Lee, 250-276 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
• Kapur, Sudarshan. Raising Up A Prophet: The African-American Encounter with Gandhi. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.
• Lucks, Daniel S. Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.
• Meriwether, James H. Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
• Nesbitt, Francis Njubi. Race for Sanctions: African Americans against Apartheid, 1946-1994. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
• Prashad, Vijay. “Waiting for the Black Gandhi: Satyagraha and Black Internationalism.” In From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, 179-196. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
• Slate, Nico. Colored Cosmopolitanism: The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
• ________. The Prism of Race: W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, and the Colored World of Cedric Dover. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
• Wilkins, Fanon Che. “The Making of Black Internationalists: SNCC and Africa before the Launching of Black Power, 1960-1965.” Journal of African American History, 92, no. 4 (Fall, 2007): 467-490.

Black Power

• Abraham, Kinfe. Politics of Black Nationalism: From Harlem to Soweto. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1991.
• • Bloom, Joshua and Waldo E. Martin, Jr. Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016.
  • Daulatzai, Sohail. Black Star, Crescent Moon: The Muslim International and Black Freedom Beyond America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.
  • Elkins, W.F. Black Power in the Caribbean: The Beginnings of the Modern Nationalist Movement. New York: Revisionist Press, 1977.
  • Hanchard, Michael D. Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, 1945-1988. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
  • Kelley, Robin D.G. and Betsy Esch. “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution.” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society, 1 (Fall, 1999): 6-41.
  • McCartney, John. Black Power Ideologies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
  • Meeks, Brian. “The Rise and Fall of Caribbean Black Power.” In From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, 215-231. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • _________. Radical Caribbean: From Black Power to Abu Bakr. Georgetown: University Press of the West Indies, 1996.
  • Oxaal, Ivar. Black Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Race and Class in Trinidad. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Rickford, Russell. We Are an African People: Independent Education, Black Power, and the Radical Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Slate, Nico, ed. Black Power Beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Spencer, Robyn. “Internationalism, State Repression, and the Black Panther Party, 1966-1972.” In From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International Since the Age of Revolution, eds. Michael O. West, William G. Martin, and Fanon Che Wilkins, 215-231. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Thomas, Deborah A. Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization, and the Politics in Jamaica. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
  • Walters, Ronald W. Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movement. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1997.
  • Wu, Judy Tzu-Chun. “An African-Vietnamese American: Robert S. Browne, the Antiwar Movement, and the Personal/Political Dimensions of Black Internationalism.” Journal of African American History, 92, no. 4 (Fall 2007): 491-515.
  • ______________. Radicals on the Road: Internationalism, Orientalism, and Feminism during the Vietnam Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.

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Authors

Nico Slate is Professor of History at Carnegie Mellon University. He is the author of Colored Cosmopolitanism: The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Harvard University Press, 2012); The Prism of Race: W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson and the Colored World of Cedric Dover (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); Gandhi’s Search for the Perfect Diet: Eating with the World in Mind (University of Washington Press, 2019); and Lord Cornwallis Is Dead: The Struggle for Democracy in the United States and India (Harvard University Press, 2019).

Clayton Vaughn-Roberson is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of History at Carnegie Mellon University. His dissertation, “Fascism with a Jim Crow Face: The National Negro Congress and the Global Popular Front, 1935-1945,” details the intersection of anti-fascism and black liberation during the 1930s and 1940s. Mr. Vaughn-Roberson has published articles in the Journal of Civil and Human Rights and the Journal of American Communist History, and has presented his work at international conferences in the United States and England.

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